Research Portfolio Physical Violence

Question: Discuss about theResearch Portfoliofor Physical Violence. Answer: Introduction Work place bullying involves an incongruous character that is done repeatedly towards an employee or a worker of a certain place in the organization. The definition of bullying in Australia has been widened to include acts like sexual harassment, physical violence, intimidation and remarks that may injure the reputation of an individual. It is important to note that the act must be one that is done repeatedly. During this research it was discovered that workplace bullying is a vice that many Australian workers endure in their workplace with the fear that when they take legal action or report the matter to the relevant authority they will likely lose their jobs. What is more is that work place bullying has been prohibited and rendered unlawful by the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984, and the Occupational Safety and Health Regulations (1996). The rationale behind it prohibition is that it is deleterious on the performance of the employee at work and may also affect the safety and health of the worker. Suffice to say, workplace bullying has taken various legal forms in Australia as one may pursue a legal action or a criminal action. The Equal Opportunity Act 1984 criminalizes sexual harassment and acts of assault that amount to physical violence. In this research one will discover that the tort liability that flows from workplace bullying stems from the fact that the employers owe the employees a duty of care to ensure that the environment they are working is safe and their health is also not in danger. The challenges of coming up with a conclusive finding from the employees in the Australian workers is that most of the employees fear retaliation from their employers and they argue that in as much that they may want to make a complaint the reality on them is that no or less action is usually taken against the perpetrators. The workers thus shy away from giving up information concerning bullying on the workplaces. On the other hand there has also been no much jurisprudence that has been entrenched by the courts concerning work bullying this has made the research on this vice tremendously complex. Reflections and Comments It has been discerned that bullying has gained much prominence in the Australia workforce than more than sexual harassment cases and racial discrimination. To this extent it is advised that the lawmaker should give rise to formidable legislations that will ensure that they address this burgeoning phenomenon within the workplace. It has also ben observed in Mount Isa Mines Ltd v Pusey (1971) that if an employee is bullied at the workplace this amounts to a breach of the duty of care that is owed to employee by the employer and therefore tis raises an action in tort. In this case the employee will be required to show that they have suffered as a consequence of the breach of duty by employer and that the harm that has been suffered was one that was foreseeable in those circumstances. This seems to be unfair to the employee because it places an onerous task on the employee to evince liability of the employer. What seems preposterous and abhorrent is that an employer can be vicariously li able fro the bullying actions another employer. The challenging question embedded here is what scope of bullying can be said to be within the ambits of an employees normal duty. It is worth mentioning that the courts in have stated that the employer will not be vicariously liable where the actions of the perpetrator are outside the mandate permitted within the scope of employment. It seems to me action at the workplace may appear to be harassment or discrimination according to the claimant, such as shifting of positions of authority and precipitous demotions, but this may have been done out of necessity at the work place. In this sense it has been agreed in the case of Wilkinson v Downtown (1897) that where bullying causes emotional distress such as nervous shock, the claimant will be entitled to an award of general damages. The requirements for such a claim have been set in the aforementioned and it states that the bullying must have been a willful act that was intended to cause harm and it ultimately actually causes harm to the claimant. These requirements have arouses a magnanimous legal content and cause a lot of convolution within the legal firmament but they were affirmed by the court in the recent case of Nationwide News v Naidu (2007). In my view the burden of proof in claims of work bullying should shift to the perpetrators so that they the task is on them to show that there actions did not amount to bullying. Analysis and Conclusion It is thus a plausible conclusion that in work place bullying cases the employer is always under threat of a possible action that emanates from the law of contract. It is the general rule that in contract law cases there is always an implied condition that the work premises and conditions of work will be safe for human use. The employee I this case can thus sue for a breach of the contract term. This researched has presented a breadth of options that can be used as avenues by the employees to bring their claims for bullying in the workplace. However, what still remains a conundrum is the legal cost of pursuing such actions that claimant invariably fail to raise and therefore they have to continue enduring the torture that they are subjected to at the workplace. The path to finding justice for a claimant who has suffered from bullying at the workplace is usually murky and tumultuous because of the opposition and difficulty that is mounted by the employers. Essentially the claimant in this case are left basking in the rays of injustice as their actions against their employers or superiors at work never see the light of day. It is important to note that in most instances the perpetrators of these acts of bullying are the superior employees of organization as has been observed and analyzed from many cases. It can be concluded that it is absolutely imperative there be a legal reform in the laws that protect the employees and other staff employed in any organizations from the unfair practices egregious conduct of other people in the workplace. Legal Risks, Rules and Management The management of any organizations should be aware of any legal risks that are available when they fail to comply with the obligations that have been given to them by legislations and the doctrine of common law. Such legal risks that they face include actions for the tort of negligence and such the organizations should ensure that they assess such a risk and in doing so they should ask whether they owe a duty of care and endeavor to know circumstances in which this duty of care may be breached. The management should thus be able to formulate rules and create a formidable mechanism that will help in mitigating such a risk. In addition the management should also be able to formulate rules that will ensure that they comply to the standards that have been set in the Fair Work Act (2009) and other pieces of legislation. Annotated Bibliography Relevant Textbooks Stewart, Andrew Stewarts Guide to the Law of Employment. The Federation Press, 2009. Print 246 This was very instrumental in the research as it outlined the various acts that will amount to bullying the workplace. To be specific at page 246 it gave the various acts that amounts to discrimination at the workplace and also highlighted the various laws in Australia that prohibit the vilification and harassment of employees. Creighton, Breen and Rozen, Occupational Health and Safety Law in Victoria.(The Federation Press, 1997. Print p 68 The book was able to guide on a perceptible understanding of the relationship between work place bulling and the liability imposed by a Tort law action. At its page 68 it was clear that the employers in the work place have a duty of care to ensure that the employees are safe and are protected from unsafe conducts such as bullying. As such the book was instrumental in showing the elements that that is required to prove vicarious liability on the employer for an action that was done by another employee. McCarthy et al Bullying: From the Backyard to the Boardroom. The Federation Press, 2001.Print p 1, 15 The books has manifested a clear picture of the causes of bulling and has played a fundamental role in in this research to bring out the key aspect that circumnavigate work place bullying, Essentially it has been noted in the book that perpetrators of bullying are in most instances individuals within the organization and the social group at large. Relevant Academic Journal Articles Stale, Einarsen et al Bullying and Harassment at Work and Their Relationships to the Work Environment Quality: An Exploratory Study European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology (1994) 381. Print The above journal has given the reasons that cause work place bullying and it has noted that envy is a major contributing factor of bullying because in some instances there are employees who perform better than others and thus the other colleague feel intimidated by this fact. This piece of work has contributed much to this research in creating a better understanding and the legal mechanisms rules that are in place to ensure that bullying is mitigated within the organizations. Darcy, McCormack, D., and Casimir, Gian . Workplace bullying and intention to leave: the moderating effect of perceived organizational support. Human Resource Management Journal, 18(4) (2008): 405422.Print This paper brought out a better comprehension of bulling from the view of women in the employment field. It basically highlighted the fact majority of the victims of work place bullying are women and it insisted on the need to create steadfast and impartial laws that will protect women who are a vulnerable group in the work places. Other Materials Beyond Bullying Association Inc. (n.d.). Beyond bullying. Retrieved October 10, 2016, from: https://cwpp.slq.qld.gov.au/bba/facts.html This internet source article explained the concept of psychological harassment and bulling at the workplace and the legal implications that attach. Community Public Sector Union. (2002).How to reduce workplace bullying. Retrieved October 10, 2016 from: https://www.cpsu.org/ohs/bullying.htm This source was instrumental to the research as it gave a clear understanding of how bullying can be reduced at the workplace and the strategies that should be put in place by the management to mitigate any risks that may be available Mannix, McNamara, P. Address Workplace bullying: Critical reflections and the problematic of culture -a discussion. (2004) Paper presented at the Adelaide International Workplace Conflict Conference, Adelaide, Australia .April 21-23 2004.Address The paper gave a background discussion of the reason why we have bulling in the work places and it explained clearly the different form of bulling that are found in work places together with legal protective mechanisms that have been put in place to protect employees in Australia. Cases and Legislation Aaron, Rathmell. and Michaela, Whitbourn, Wilkinson v Downton at Work: Employers Liability for Intentionally Inflicted Psychiatric Injury Australian Journal of Labour Law (2008): 347. Print The above explained the case of Wilkinson v Downton [1897] EWHC 1 (QB) in an in-depth perspective. It was helpful to the discussion as it gave legal case examples that assisted in understanding the remedy that will be available incase the bullying ta work places cause emotional distress such a nervous shock. Other cases that were beneficial to the research included Mount Isa Mines Ltd v Pusey (1971) 125 CLR 383 that demonstrated the point of convergence between work place bullying and the tort of negligence. It chiefly explicated that their employers in the work place have a duty of care to their employees. Another recent case that was applied in this research is Nationwide News v Naidu (2007) NSWCA 377 The Fair Work Act (2009) was also applied in this research as it gives out standards that should be applied in workplace to ensure that all employees are treated fairly and reasonably. In addition the Occupational Health and Safety (Commonwealth Employment) Act1991 (Cth) s16 , the Workplace Safety Act 1995 (Qld) s 28 and the Workplace Health and Safety Act 1995(Tas), s 9 provide for the safety of the workers in any workplace in Australia. Sufficiency of Resources There has been a wealth of resources at my disposal that have played a significant role in compiling this research. The collective web of case law and legislations has aided my understanding of work place bullying. However the judicial ink that has been so far spilt in regard to this study is still not sufficient. The judiciary should readily accept such cases to build a authoritative jurisprudence that will guide legal practitioners and researchers on the study. Accordingly employers should create a free working environment that will enable workers open up and tell the world about these challenges. If the aforementioned assertion is applied then the access of material to study the deleterious habit at work place will be open all and sundry interested in such a research. References Aaron, Rathmell. and Michaela, Whitbourn, Wilkinson v Downton at Work: Employers Liability for Intentionally Inflicted Psychiatric Injury Australian Journal of Labour Law (2008): 347. Print Beyond Bullying Association Inc. (n.d.). Beyond bullying. Retrieved October 10, 2016, from: https://cwpp.slq.qld.gov.au/bba/facts.html Creighton, Breen and Rozen, Peter. Occupational Health and Safety Law in Victoria.(The Federation Press, 1997. Print p 68 Community Public Sector Union. (2002).How to reduce workplace bullying. Retrieved October 10, 2016 from: https://www.cpsu.org/ohs/bullying.htm Darcy, McCormack, D., and Casimir, Gian . Workplace bullying and intention to leave: the moderating effect of perceived organizational support. Human Resource Management Journal, 18(4) (2008): 405422.Print Mannix, McNamara, P. Address Workplace bullying: Critical reflections and the problematic of culture -a discussion. (2004) Paper presented at the Adelaide International Workplace Conflict Conference, Adelaide, Australia .April 21-23 2004.Address McCarthy et al Bullying: From the Backyard to the Boardroom. The Federation Press, 2001.Print p 1, 15 Stale, Einarsen et al Bullying and Harassment at Work and Their Relationships to the Work Environment Quality: An Exploratory Study European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology (1994) 381. Print Stewart, Andrew. Stewarts Guide to the Law of Employment. The Federation Press, 2009. Print 246 Cases Nationwide News v Naidu (2007) NSWCA 377 Mount Isa Mines Ltd v Pusey (1971) 125 CLR 383 Wilkinson v Downton [1897] EWHC 1 (QB) Legislation Fair Work Act (2009) Occupational Health and Safety (Commonwealth Employment) Act1991 (Cth) Workplace Safety Act 1995 (Qld) Workplace Health and Safety Act 1995(Tas)

Pre Electrical Staged Lighting And Lighting Effects Essays

Pre Electrical Staged Lighting And Lighting Effects PRE-ELECTRICAL STAGE LIGHTING AND LIGHTING EFFECTS There is a common notion that stage lighting is the youngest of the stage arts, having suddenly been developed since the advent of electricity. Electricity was the final link in a chain of development stretching far into the past. True, stage lighting has come a long way since the dawn of electricity but its foundations were thoroughly established during the three centuries before Edison. Colored light, spotlights, translucencies, and dimming were well known before the incandescent lamp. This paper seeks to identify and explain some of the most prevalent forms and techniques of stage lighting during the pre-electricity era. At the beginning of theatrical activity, light played an important role. The light used in the earliest productions was natural light. The open Greek theatres were built to use directional sunlight and had no need of artificial sources. The Greeks organized their plays to run a course through the day in order to use the different types of light available at different times (Penzel, 3). Although the Romans may have used torches in their theatres, the idea of light being controlled as a visual effect had not yet been discovered. Until the Renaissance, the main purpose of theatre lighting was to permit the audience to see. Most ancient and medieval drama was performed outdoors. By the beginning of the Renaissance, oil lamps, torches, and candles were about all that was available to produce artificial light. The oil lamp had been used since prehistoric times, as had the torch, which may be the oldest of the three. The candle was developed somewhat later, although there is no documentation as to an exact date. It is known that the molded candle was not introduced until the eighteenth century (Encyclopedia Britannica, 23.,226). Although window shutters on playhouses in England were sometimes closed to darken a set and create an effect, Renaissance Italy is probably the birthplace of lighting designed specifically for stage productions, as opposed to general-purpose lighting. Since the Italians were the innovators of scenic illusion, it is expected that they would have also have been the first to manipulate light (Hewitt, 18). One Italian theatre architect, Sebastiano Serlio wrote about the use of bozze. Bozze were small glass containers that would be filled with colored water and placed in front of candles to produce colored light. Leone di Somi, another stage architect of the same era was the first to darken the audience area. His intent was to increase the fear and drama of a particular tragedy by making the audience feel isolated in the dark (Nicoll, 231). At the beginning of the Restoration, candle chandeliers continued to be the main source of stage light throughout Europe. A new innovation however was footlights. Footlight began to appear first as candles and later as oil lamps. A painting of the Com?die Fran?ais from around 1670 shows the stage being lighted by six chandeliers and a bank of thirty four footlights. It was not until about 1720 that molded candles were developed (Encyclopedia Britannica, 23.,226). Molded candles allowed for bigger wicks and thus, more light. They also needed more maintenance and the candle snuffers office became an integral part of theatre management (Penzel 20). One of the most significant lighting developments of the eighteenth century was practiced at the Drury Lane Theatre, under the management of David Garrick. Garricks innovation was the removal of the chandeliers. The chandeliers had, for a long time, obstructed the view fro the upper galleries and were also inefficient. The emphasis on lighting was now shifted to sources located behind the proscenium and across the apron. Garrick also introduced the float, a long metal trough filled with oil, in which a number of metal saucers, each containing two wicks, could float (Hogan, lxv-lxvi). The trough was lowered into the floor by ropes and pulleys and could thereby achieve a dimming effect. The Argand burner, a new type of oil lamp, was perhaps the last major lighting innovation of the eighteenth century. It was invented by a Swiss chemist named Amie Argand who had invented the lamp to satisfy his own lighting needs and then later patented it (Thwing 71). His 1784 British patent reads: A lamp so constructed

What is the difference between brute, social, and institutional facts Essay Example

What is the difference between brute, social, and institutional facts Paper Searle starts his explanation of social reality by outlining brute or observer independent facts. Searle is a realist and does not subscribe to the view that all of reality is somehow a human creation and that there are only facts dependant on the human mind. The foundation of Searles construction of social reality to use his metaphor of construction is that there is a reality totally independent of us. These facts, which act independently of us, are brute facts. Searles rough and ready approach is to ask whether these features would exist if there had never been human beings or sentient creatures. Would a hydrogen atom contain one electron? Yes. Would a rectangle of plastic with a magnetic strip be a form of exchanging wealth? No. Generally speaking the natural sciences deal with these features. In Searles theory the world is made up of particles in fields of force described by atomic theory and human beings have evolved from ape like creatures due to evolutionary biology. The brute features of an object are an intrinsic part of its existence and are not affected by attitudes towards it, and it is therefore described as observer independent. Searle clearly distinguishes between the features of a stone that are observer independent and observer relative by comparing two statements; that object is a stone and that object is a paperweight. A stone is a stone because of its atomic structure and physical constituents, however the statement that it is a paperweight is dependant on attitudes towards it. Another person may think of it as a weapon, or as a building material. We will write a custom essay sample on What is the difference between brute, social, and institutional facts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What is the difference between brute, social, and institutional facts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What is the difference between brute, social, and institutional facts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The difference between brute and observer dependant is reasonably simple when applied to a stone if the barrier of language is ignored, brute facts require the institution of language in order that we can state the facts, but the brute facts themselves exist quite independently of language or any other institutions. Searle uses the example of colours as a more complicated example of brute reality. If Searle had published his theory before the work of seventeenth century physicists he would have asserted that colour only had brute features, however due to advances in light physics colour is now seen as observer relative. Building on the foundation of a brute reality, which is not open to interpretation. Searle then arrives at social and institutional reality. His early example of sitting outside a cafe and ordering a drink in terms of social reality is extremely complex. Searle states that there are three essential components of social and institutional reality that explain the ordinary social relations that occurred in the cafe: collective intentionality, assignment of function and constitutive rules. The assignment of function can be seen as the first building block in Searles construction of social reality. Preceded by the idea that there are brute facts, which cannot be challenged by human thought or intentionality, the assignment of function is a product of thought and consciousness. There are no functions naturally occurring in brute reality. Both humans and animals assign function and uses to objects. There are examples of simplistic functions in the animal world such as an animal using a lake or pool to drink from. The chair I sit on has been assigned the use of me sitting on it because it is the right height off the ground, can support my weight and is comfortable. It is also the product of an industrial process, which has involved the assignment of function at every level of production from the raw materials used upwards. The chair has been constructed with the intention of me sitting but I can also assign different uses to it. Collective intentionality is the second step. Species of animals have a biologically innate collective intentionality, meaning that not only will they co-operate with each other on order to achieve a task, but that they share a collective intentionality. Searle states that we intentionality is irreducible to I- intentionality and that the crucial element is a sense of doing something together, from this we derive our own individuals intentionality from the collective intentionality we share. Searle states that any fact involving collective intentionality is a social fact. Collective intentionality and assignment of function are essential to the construction of social reality. A world of levers, screwdrivers and beauty all require thinking creatures to assign function and to behave with a collective will. Social facts do not require linguistic or cultural apparatus to exist. To use a log as a seat I do not have to possess the linguistic skills to identify the stone to another person through speech or to have seen someone else use it as a seat, it is simply the physical characteristics of the log that appeal to me. This leads on to institutional facts, a special sub class of social fact. Where social facts are created by collective conscious activity, institutional facts also require the institutions of language and culture to exist. Only linguistic creatures can create institutions. Institutional facts require the distinction to be made between regulative rules and constitutive rules. Regulative rules regulate the behaviour of those taking part in an activity. Constitutive rules bring behaviour into existence, the rules constituting that behaviour. A feature of institutional reality is that it can be created by performance utterances. Searle classes these speech acts as declarations, the utterance of this meeting is adjourned creates the fact. Searles explanation of constitutive rules forming an institutional fact is the example of money. His belief is that x counts as Y or that X counts as Y in context C. and this counts in the example of all institutional facts, institutional facts only existing within a system of these constitutive rules. Institutional facts require a set of systematic relations with other facts. Searle uses the example of money in that for money to function it requires other institutions, the institutions of exchange and ownership. Money requires the next step from collective consciousness and imposition of function. The function of money is not assigned because of its physical properties in the way that a branch can be used as a lever. The function of money only exists because of cooperation and acceptance. This is the next logical step required for something to be an institutional fact. To expand on this point Searle uses the example of a wall as an example of assignment of function, collective consciousness and finally institution. Firstly the wall is constructed due to its physical properties, the imposition of function is due to its scale. Searle then imagines that the wall crumbles and gradually evolves from being a physical barrier to a symbolic barrier. The people that have built the wall still think of it as a wall and boundary but it no longer possesses the physical attributes. The crumbling wall has been assigned a status. The example of a wall is central to Searles social reality and the idea of institutional facts, and reveals the continuous line from molecules and mountains to legislation and money, from basic assignment of function to the creation of hugely complex institutions like the stock market.

Tourism Industry In Azad Jammu Kashmir Promotion Tourism Essay Essay Example

Tourism Industry In Azad Jammu Kashmir Promotion Tourism Essay Essay Example Tourism Industry In Azad Jammu Kashmir Promotion Tourism Essay Paper Tourism Industry In Azad Jammu Kashmir Promotion Tourism Essay Paper The Express Tribune, December 1st, 2010 in the outlook to regenerate the touristry industry of Azad Jammu Kashmir the authorities is seeking to catch the attending of tourer by supplying them with more and up to day of the month installations in the part and Secretary Tourism Dr Shala Waqar, said that Prime Minister is seeking to originate more strategies in Muzaffarabad non merely to catch the attending of domestic tourer but besides international tourer. We have initiated several undertaking in order to resuscitate the touristry industry in AJK, this is a beautiful part and increased touristry is a method of bring forthing more gross to keep the part, While foregrounding the on-going undertakings in the part she said that presently the authorities is working on 16 undertakings, including the constitution of the Tolipir hill resort, the constitution of hill resort in Tatta Pani, development of Chikkar-Sudhangali hill resort, other adjustment installations in AJK, promotion web in the part, Chairlift/Cable Cars, development of Dheerkot tourer resort, development of Pirchinassi hill resort, development of nutrient points in Muzaffarabad, development of Nagaishwar tourer resort, development of route side installations in AJK, up step of the touristry development maestro program, edifice of tourer Lodges at Khoiratta and the edifice of tourer resorts in the Neelum Valley.General Manager Pearl Continental Muzaffarabad, Aamir Kazi, while speaking to media said that presently they were offering really inexpensive bundles to advance the touristry industry in Muzaffarabad. He highlighted assorted facets of the touristry industry in AJK. Sadruddin Hashwani, Chairman Hashoo Group, has built an international standard hotel in the part to advance this country to aliens every bit good as domestic tourers, Aamir Qazi said. Muzaffarabad is one of the best topographic points to bask the natural beauty and to pass clip with household, I would urge this finish to all domest ic and international tourers, he said. Sana Jamal, 06 October, 2010. Tourism Department of Government Azad Jammu and Kashmir has initiated a new run to catch the attending of tourers from across Pakistan to take delectation in exuberant green vales, glistening rivers, snow-capped and alpine mountains of the northern part of Pakistan. The latest development in this respect is a documental competition on dramatic sites of Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( AJK ) in order to increase the potency of touristry in AJK. This competition has been organized by the Department of Tourism, Archaeology and Culture Government of AJK with the purpose to research and expose the concealed beauty of AJK. Department of Tourism, AJK has invited Pakistanis to portion their positions, thoughts and information in a 5-7 minute mini docudrama on the beautiful scenic sites of AJK. Documentaries can be in English or Urdu and the top 3 winning docudramas will have catch the attending of ive hard currency award of up to Rs.100, 000. The entries can be submitte d to Publicity wing of Department of Tourism, Archaeology and Culture Government of AJK, Block 06 New Secretariat, Muzaffarabad by Oct. 20, 2010. Harmonizing to the presentment issued by the touristry secretariat of AJK, the offer was valid for all 42 remainder houses under the administrative control of the touristry section. The offer is valid for a reserve non transcending two darks at any peculiar remainder house ; nevertheless, after two darks at one peculiar topographic point, the visitants could travel in front to any other country and bask the same installation at that place. Balochistan Times 23 May, 2009. MIRPUR AJK AJK Azad Jammu and Kashmir AJK Azerbaijan Journalists Confederation .. Click the nexus for more information.Renowned man of affairs and member executive commission of AJK Chamber of Commerce and Industry Khalid Sharif Saturday has welcomed the steps being initiated by the authoritiess of Pakistan and AJK for the publicity and upheaval of the industrial and touristry sectors in Azad Jammu and KashmirJammu and Kashmir: A see Kashmir. Jammu and Kashmir State ( pop. , 2001: 10,143,700 ) , northern India. With an country of 39,146 sq myocardial infarction ( 101,387 sq kilometer ) , it occupies the southern part of the Kashmir part of the northwesterly Indian subcontinent and is .. Click the nexus for more information.. He expressed the hope that the gimmick the attending of ive bundle of inducements for the intending enterprisers for investing in the trade and industrial sector in Azad Jammu Kashmir will assist promote local and foreign investings in these sectors. He said that the Britain-based Pakistani expatriates in general and those acclaiming from Azad Jammu Kashmir in peculiar will be persuaded to travel for investings in the industrial and touristry sector in Azad Jammu Kashmir. He applauded sincere effectual stairss being taken by Pakistan and AJK authoritiess to promote and hike the industrialisation industrialisation Procedure of change overing to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant. The alterations that took topographic point in Britain during the Industrial Revolution of the late 18th and nineteenth century led the manner for the early industrializing states of western Europe and A advancement and to advance the touristry industry in the liberated country. He opined latest engineerings should be brought and introduced for publicity of these sectors as per lines of India, China, Latin American states. List of American states States: A Antigua and Barbuda A Bahamas .. Click the nexus for more information.Khalid Sharif said that foreign investing can flux into Pakistan including Azad Jammu Kashmir in copiousness if facilitated were ensured Tourism Neelum Valley, Approximately 200 kilometres long the picturesque Neelum Valley is situated to the North North East of Muzaffarabad. Runing parallel to the Kaghan Valley. It is separated from if merely snow-clad extremums, some over 4000 metres above sea degree. Excellent scenic beauty, birds-eye position, looming hills on both sides of the noisy Neelum river, exuberant green woods, enrapturing watercourses and catch the attending of ive milieus make the vale a dream semen true. The country is ideal for trekking. A just conditions route opens the vale to tourers upto Kel, 155 kilometres from Muzaffarabad, of which about 150 kilometres has been black topped while the staying part is being matalled. Buss ply daily on this mob and adjustment installations are besides available in the remainder houses of topographic points of tourer catch the attending of ion. Simple cookery installations are available but one has to do his ain agreements for particular dishes. Hindustan Times Jun 19, 2010. MIRPUR ( AJK ) , AJK authorities had inked an integrated phased program for heightening touristry in the State in coaction with the private sector, and for this intent, colossal financess were being allocated in the new financial twelvemonth 2010-11 one-year budget, official beginnings said. Since bright potency coupled with favorable ambiance is available for elating touristry industry in AJK . Ahmed Khawaja, June 12, 2009. Rawalakot is a metropolis in Azad Kashmir, and is the capital of Poonch District. It is in a saucer-shaped vale at lift 1615 meters ( 5300ft ) . It is 76 kilometers ( 47 stat mis ) from Kohala, and is besides linked with Rawalpindi and Islamabad via the neighbouring territories of Azad Pattan and Tain Dhalkot, and with Muzaffarabad via Kohala and Sudhangali by asphalt roads. The chief folk of Rawalakot are the Sudhan folk. Rawalakot is the territory central office and is situated in the bosom of territory Poonch. The height of this beautiful saucer-shaped vale is 1615m, and is situated 76 Km from Kohala. During summer, the topographic point becomes full of green grass and beautiful flowers including many assortments of roses. Located 12Km from Rawalakot is Paniolla full of unagitated and capturing features. About 20Km from Rawalakot and at 1981m above sea-level is Banjosa. A really catch the attending of ive site full of scenic beauty which besides houses a little lake with boating installations. Surrounding small towns include Topa Soon aka Soon Topa or merely Topa, Kaimon, Thithrot, Motialmara, Trar Dewan, Chare, Chuck, Tranni, Dahmni, Pothi Bala/Makwalan, Kharek, Dreak, Banjosa, Hussainkot, Hurnamaira, Thorar, Rehara, Tain, and Pachiot. Bagh District lies to the North and Sudhnuti District lies to the South of Rawalakot. The route passing through ( Jalooth ) Paniola connects Rawalakot to Bagh And Mu zaffarabad. While towards the West are Murree, Islamabad and Rawalpindi parts of Pakistan. Rawalakot is one of the most beautiful vallies of KASHMIR located 80 kilometres off from Rawalpindi Islamabad. It is a three and a half hr thrust from Islamabad to Rawalakot. Rawlakot is besides celebrated by the name of the PEARL VALLEY . Syed Khalid Saeed Bukhari 04 September 2009. Neelum is a beautiful vale incorporating about 370 little and big small towns and near approximately two hundred thousand population. It starts from Chelhana and goes till Taobut 250 kilometer long. It is named Neelum due to its river, swerving like the serpent with crystalline sky colored H2O. Like any other population of the subcontinent it has the most heterogenous population with assortment of rites, imposts and traditions. The whole vale is full of beautiful and absorbing sceneries. Neelum Valley is dipped in beauty Neelum vale about 252 kilometers long and 3620 sq kilometer curvature shaped with olympian pine, fir and Himalayan cedar trees, lies north-south of Muzaffarabad. This ninety-mile long land of flora is ripped apart by the anil blue Neelum river which flows serpentinely down hills to unify itself into the river Jhelum at Domail. Domail, the meeting of two mighty rivers, nowadayss extremely intriguing scene of vernal embracing. This heart-warning spectacle is most soothing to the oculus. Neelum Valley is situated to the North North East of Muzaffarabad and running parallel to the Kaghan Valley. It is separated from it by snow covered extremums, some over 4000 metres above sea degree. Excellent scenic beauty, birds-eye position, looming hills on both sides of the noisy Neelum river, exuberant green woods, enrapturing watercourses, high height lakes and catch the attending of ive milieus make the vale a dream semen true. The rocking alcoholic green woods, snow capped mountains, watercourses singing vocals of joy, and fast fluxing river Neelum, all go together to do it naturalist s wonderland. The country is besides ideal for mountain touristry. A portion of Nanga Parbat mammoth falls in this country which is dominated by Sarwaali Peak ( 6326 metres ) the highest mountain in Azad Kashmir. Furthermore like Kaghan Valley it is celebrated for fishing and angling activities in Neelum river and Jagran Nullah which are stocked with trout fish. Its exclusive tourer catch the attending of ion is a 17 ( 17 ) century garrison built by the town s laminitis, a head of the Chak folk name d Muzaffar Khan, to guard off the Mughal ground forcess of Emperor Akbar. Neelum vale is an gimmick the attending of ive topographic point for tourers due to its celebrated exuberant verdure, springs, watercourses, lakes and hilly and sloppy mountain Karrar Haidri, Sep 24, 2007, In conformity with the Calendar of Activities for Visit Pakistan Year 2007 issued by Ministry of Tourism, Government of Pakistan, Alpine Club of Pakistan organized the first of all time National Mountain Marathon jointly with Tourism Department, Government of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The aim of the Mountain Marathon were to raise consciousness about Mountain Tourism in Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( AJK ) , create linkages in Mountain Tourism between Kaghan vale and Neelum Valley, raise consciousness about temblor affected countries of AJK and NWFP and promote and engender involvement towards the healthy mountain adventure athleticss activities amongst the young person of Pakistan, in general, and AJK in peculiar. The Marathon started at Kawai, Kaghan Valley, NWFP on 10th September. 150 young persons including 95 young persons from Azad Kashmir had applied to take part in the Marathon, nevertheless out of these 83 reported for engagement at Kawai. Earlier all t he participants were lodged at Muzaffarabad on 9th September from where they were taken to Kawai by particular coachs. 1. www.allvoices.com/ /7812129-plan-for-tourism-promotion-in-ajkfp-report 2. pakistannewsblog.com/ /16-projects-initiated-to-promote-tourism-in-ajk 3. ezinemark.com/a/azad-kashmir-tourism/ United States 4. www.thefreelibrary.com/AJK+Chamber+welcome+measures+in+industrial, + tourism+sectors.-a0200530037 Cached 5. www.ajkcouncil.com/TourismNeelumValley.asp 6. hypertext transfer protocol: //news.reportlinker.com www.ilmkidunya.com/student_articles/neelum-valley.aspx Pakistan Cached behzadahmed.blogspot.com/2009/06/rawalakot.html Cached Ejaz Ur-Rehman 2007An overview of the Forest Habitat s state of affairs in Village Barali Kass Kotli Azad Kashmir Pakistan revealed that the country confronting great forest home ground hazard. Habitat loss, debasement and atomization are an issue of primary concern in the country of Village Barali Kass. The intent of this survey was to look at the causes which exploit these meagre and delicate forest resources in the country and what are the steps to invalidate this state of affairs. Ejaz Ur-Rehman An Overview of Forest Habitat s Situation in Village Barali Kass, Kotli Azad Kashmir Pakistan, Ethnobotanical Leaflets 11: 266-279. 2007.

Infectious diseases among inmate populations Essay

Infectious diseases among inmate populations - Essay Example As this problem escalates, the monetary costs to society continues to rise and are much greater than if the diseases were discovered and treated at an earlier time, in the prison system prior to release. Prisons are in a unique position to treat inmates while the infectious condition is still in its earliest stages thus ultimately less costly to taxpayers. Though considerable economic, logistical and political barriers must be overcome to genuinely improve health care in the prison system, there are methods by which to begin solving this worsening health crisis in the prisons and wider community. The U.S. prison system has undergone a transformation over the past quarter century as a result of and a response to extensive studies that have been conducted to determine the consequences of the rising inmate population. In just 20 years, the number of persons held in U.S. prisons jumped substantially. The nation’s ‘war on drugs’ included mandatory sentencing guidelines which were principally responsible for the increase of 216,000 total prisoners in 1974 to 2004’s figure of 1.4 million. During this period, in just a 10-year span, the percentage of prisoners convicted of drug offenses nearly tripled. â€Å"In 1985, only 38,900, 8.6 percent, of State prison inmates were serving time for drug offenses as their most serious crime committed. By 1995, that number had increased almost six-fold to 224,900, 22.7 percent of all inmates† (Skolnik, 1994). Today, the U.S. houses nearly two million inmates. In 1978, the number of persons in the entire penal sy stem, those in prisons, jails and on probation or parole totaled 1.5 million. In 2004 this number stood at almost seven million. The overall correctional population, including persons in prison, jail, and on parole and probation, has jumped from 1.5 million in 1978 to nearly 7 million in 2004 (â€Å"Ethical†, 2006). Approximately

Developing Professional Practice for a Student Essay

Developing Professional Practice for a Student - Essay Example Effective professional practice makes the difference between competency and incompetency. Throughout the unit, I have leaned the effect of acquiring best practice since during internships I would find communication and interaction with fellow staffs easy and cordial. This would not have been so if I had not gone through the unit. Effective professional practice is intense to permit students and others to develop new skills and knowledge essential in their professional practice. Professional skills The unit has equipped me with numerous skills regarding professionalism. Time management is one of the skills learned; time is an essential part of individual and its management practice distinguishes the rich and poor. I need to be wealthy in knowledge and material thus time management is an essential skill that the unit has endowed. Currently and in future time management help and will help me deliver my duties promptly and become a role model to others. Communication and interpersonal sk ills are professional knowledge and skills acquired. Communication is essential and it gives a significant impact if done professionally (Morrison, 1993). The communication skills vary from the body language, intonation and words used. The best mode of communication attraction is the first impression; within seconds of interaction people form their opinion and if my dressing is not presentable my wording and intonation would not impress them. The formal and informal communication category assists in interaction with other people such as fellow staffs, patients or clients, and management. This skill that assists me to treat people as individuals thus ensuring interpersonal rapport is maintained. The skills can assist me in the future to attract and retain clients when I start my own business and also interact with employees professionally. Further training and practice of the skills can assist to add more value to what I have learned. Teamwork is another professional skill learned. A ny profession requires teamwork spirit to make work easy and also to encourage different experts to pull together in achieving organizational objectives. These skills help me appreciate individuals with their capacity and contribution. The future is brighter with this kind of skills put into practice I can manage bigger human resource capacity. It is essential to be a team player to make effective manager or a leader in an organization. With practice and involving my role models, I can add value to skills acquired and be better. Behavioral characteristics of the successful professional skills and presentation skills are additional professional knowledge acquired in this unit. Professional skills are pillars of my professional growth and development (Karten, 2010). Practice and training are additional activities to assist in perfecting the skills acquired and remain relevant. Knowledge development Knowledge gathered from this unit is that attitude, hard work, good communication, pres entation, dedication, and devotion are professionalism values that I have to keep throughout my career development. Maintaining ethics is an essential matter in professional development since it builds a reputation and assists one earns the trust of others (Eraut, 2003). I have learned trust is essential in financial matters and going through the unit this cannot be over-emphasized.  

The Purposes of Budgeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Purposes of Budgeting - Essay Example Resources are scarce and the budgeting is used as a tool to deploy available resources judiciously for improving the organisational performance. The Purposes of Budgeting Budgeting helps in several ways: it helps control expenses and works as a tool to monitor planning processes; it also helps forecast future revenues for businesses; it documents and serves the purpose of a guide giving future directions to the businesses. With the help of budget, the management conveys its aspirations across different divisions of the organisation and it also serves as a vehicle to resolve conflicts between the groups within the organization. Thus, budgeting is helpful to the organisation in myriads of ways. Conventional Budgeting Process in the Global Context Conventional budgeting process employs the incremental approach. The incremental approach, while preparing this year’s budget, essentially takes into account last year’s budgetary numbers and depending upon the aspirations of the management, all numbers on different heads such as revenue, labour charges, utility expenses, overheads are revised suitably. For example, twenty percent increase in revenue generation will provide corresponding rise in raw material consumption, utilities and other necessary charges. If the increase in revenue does not warrant any increase in manpower then there would be no increase in the manpower expense except the salary revision granted to the existing staff. It would be worthwhile to elaborate some of the drawbacks with traditional budgeting in the larger context. The incremental approach in the traditional budgeting process misses out several things that include careful evaluation and audit of the several wasteful processes that warrant improvement in order to increase efficiency in the business. For example, it fails to encourage a scrutiny on improving productivity levels through changed processes or employing means that lead to reducing wastages in the production processes . The production department is considered a cost center in the organization. In the traditional budget approach, the management straight away grants funds for all necessary expenses based on last year's budget and production department continues to follow the same old routine; however, in this process, innovative ideas do not get enough support and motivation that is highly required for an organization operating globally for satisfying changing needs of the customers. The same is equally applicable to other departments of the organisation. The traditional budgeting approach was fine during pre-marketing era when competition was not intense and consumers were not demanding (Better Budgeting (2004). Zero-based Budgeting Zero-based budgeting is a step forward refining conventional budgeting process where things do not start from the previous year's budgeting level. In fact, it all starts afresh and the managers need to justify every single activity to run their departments. The manager carefully studies departmental activities and breaks them into several decision packages. Each decision package is then studied intensely to arrive at its budgetary needs systematically. Each decision package is described with details and its related costs. Carefully choosing each package with its likely impact on the objectives to be achieved automatically justifies whether expense is necessary on the chosen activity or not. Accordingly, some activities are chosen and some are discarded. The budgetary allocations on chosen activities help make a realistic budget for a given department and thus, for entire organization. This is certainly a better approach from the traditional b