What is the difference between brute, social, and institutional facts Essay Example

What is the difference between brute, social, and institutional facts Paper Searle starts his explanation of social reality by outlining brute or observer independent facts. Searle is a realist and does not subscribe to the view that all of reality is somehow a human creation and that there are only facts dependant on the human mind. The foundation of Searles construction of social reality to use his metaphor of construction is that there is a reality totally independent of us. These facts, which act independently of us, are brute facts. Searles rough and ready approach is to ask whether these features would exist if there had never been human beings or sentient creatures. Would a hydrogen atom contain one electron? Yes. Would a rectangle of plastic with a magnetic strip be a form of exchanging wealth? No. Generally speaking the natural sciences deal with these features. In Searles theory the world is made up of particles in fields of force described by atomic theory and human beings have evolved from ape like creatures due to evolutionary biology. The brute features of an object are an intrinsic part of its existence and are not affected by attitudes towards it, and it is therefore described as observer independent. Searle clearly distinguishes between the features of a stone that are observer independent and observer relative by comparing two statements; that object is a stone and that object is a paperweight. A stone is a stone because of its atomic structure and physical constituents, however the statement that it is a paperweight is dependant on attitudes towards it. Another person may think of it as a weapon, or as a building material. We will write a custom essay sample on What is the difference between brute, social, and institutional facts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What is the difference between brute, social, and institutional facts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What is the difference between brute, social, and institutional facts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The difference between brute and observer dependant is reasonably simple when applied to a stone if the barrier of language is ignored, brute facts require the institution of language in order that we can state the facts, but the brute facts themselves exist quite independently of language or any other institutions. Searle uses the example of colours as a more complicated example of brute reality. If Searle had published his theory before the work of seventeenth century physicists he would have asserted that colour only had brute features, however due to advances in light physics colour is now seen as observer relative. Building on the foundation of a brute reality, which is not open to interpretation. Searle then arrives at social and institutional reality. His early example of sitting outside a cafe and ordering a drink in terms of social reality is extremely complex. Searle states that there are three essential components of social and institutional reality that explain the ordinary social relations that occurred in the cafe: collective intentionality, assignment of function and constitutive rules. The assignment of function can be seen as the first building block in Searles construction of social reality. Preceded by the idea that there are brute facts, which cannot be challenged by human thought or intentionality, the assignment of function is a product of thought and consciousness. There are no functions naturally occurring in brute reality. Both humans and animals assign function and uses to objects. There are examples of simplistic functions in the animal world such as an animal using a lake or pool to drink from. The chair I sit on has been assigned the use of me sitting on it because it is the right height off the ground, can support my weight and is comfortable. It is also the product of an industrial process, which has involved the assignment of function at every level of production from the raw materials used upwards. The chair has been constructed with the intention of me sitting but I can also assign different uses to it. Collective intentionality is the second step. Species of animals have a biologically innate collective intentionality, meaning that not only will they co-operate with each other on order to achieve a task, but that they share a collective intentionality. Searle states that we intentionality is irreducible to I- intentionality and that the crucial element is a sense of doing something together, from this we derive our own individuals intentionality from the collective intentionality we share. Searle states that any fact involving collective intentionality is a social fact. Collective intentionality and assignment of function are essential to the construction of social reality. A world of levers, screwdrivers and beauty all require thinking creatures to assign function and to behave with a collective will. Social facts do not require linguistic or cultural apparatus to exist. To use a log as a seat I do not have to possess the linguistic skills to identify the stone to another person through speech or to have seen someone else use it as a seat, it is simply the physical characteristics of the log that appeal to me. This leads on to institutional facts, a special sub class of social fact. Where social facts are created by collective conscious activity, institutional facts also require the institutions of language and culture to exist. Only linguistic creatures can create institutions. Institutional facts require the distinction to be made between regulative rules and constitutive rules. Regulative rules regulate the behaviour of those taking part in an activity. Constitutive rules bring behaviour into existence, the rules constituting that behaviour. A feature of institutional reality is that it can be created by performance utterances. Searle classes these speech acts as declarations, the utterance of this meeting is adjourned creates the fact. Searles explanation of constitutive rules forming an institutional fact is the example of money. His belief is that x counts as Y or that X counts as Y in context C. and this counts in the example of all institutional facts, institutional facts only existing within a system of these constitutive rules. Institutional facts require a set of systematic relations with other facts. Searle uses the example of money in that for money to function it requires other institutions, the institutions of exchange and ownership. Money requires the next step from collective consciousness and imposition of function. The function of money is not assigned because of its physical properties in the way that a branch can be used as a lever. The function of money only exists because of cooperation and acceptance. This is the next logical step required for something to be an institutional fact. To expand on this point Searle uses the example of a wall as an example of assignment of function, collective consciousness and finally institution. Firstly the wall is constructed due to its physical properties, the imposition of function is due to its scale. Searle then imagines that the wall crumbles and gradually evolves from being a physical barrier to a symbolic barrier. The people that have built the wall still think of it as a wall and boundary but it no longer possesses the physical attributes. The crumbling wall has been assigned a status. The example of a wall is central to Searles social reality and the idea of institutional facts, and reveals the continuous line from molecules and mountains to legislation and money, from basic assignment of function to the creation of hugely complex institutions like the stock market.

Tourism Industry In Azad Jammu Kashmir Promotion Tourism Essay Essay Example

Tourism Industry In Azad Jammu Kashmir Promotion Tourism Essay Essay Example Tourism Industry In Azad Jammu Kashmir Promotion Tourism Essay Paper Tourism Industry In Azad Jammu Kashmir Promotion Tourism Essay Paper The Express Tribune, December 1st, 2010 in the outlook to regenerate the touristry industry of Azad Jammu Kashmir the authorities is seeking to catch the attending of tourer by supplying them with more and up to day of the month installations in the part and Secretary Tourism Dr Shala Waqar, said that Prime Minister is seeking to originate more strategies in Muzaffarabad non merely to catch the attending of domestic tourer but besides international tourer. We have initiated several undertaking in order to resuscitate the touristry industry in AJK, this is a beautiful part and increased touristry is a method of bring forthing more gross to keep the part, While foregrounding the on-going undertakings in the part she said that presently the authorities is working on 16 undertakings, including the constitution of the Tolipir hill resort, the constitution of hill resort in Tatta Pani, development of Chikkar-Sudhangali hill resort, other adjustment installations in AJK, promotion web in the part, Chairlift/Cable Cars, development of Dheerkot tourer resort, development of Pirchinassi hill resort, development of nutrient points in Muzaffarabad, development of Nagaishwar tourer resort, development of route side installations in AJK, up step of the touristry development maestro program, edifice of tourer Lodges at Khoiratta and the edifice of tourer resorts in the Neelum Valley.General Manager Pearl Continental Muzaffarabad, Aamir Kazi, while speaking to media said that presently they were offering really inexpensive bundles to advance the touristry industry in Muzaffarabad. He highlighted assorted facets of the touristry industry in AJK. Sadruddin Hashwani, Chairman Hashoo Group, has built an international standard hotel in the part to advance this country to aliens every bit good as domestic tourers, Aamir Qazi said. Muzaffarabad is one of the best topographic points to bask the natural beauty and to pass clip with household, I would urge this finish to all domest ic and international tourers, he said. Sana Jamal, 06 October, 2010. Tourism Department of Government Azad Jammu and Kashmir has initiated a new run to catch the attending of tourers from across Pakistan to take delectation in exuberant green vales, glistening rivers, snow-capped and alpine mountains of the northern part of Pakistan. The latest development in this respect is a documental competition on dramatic sites of Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( AJK ) in order to increase the potency of touristry in AJK. This competition has been organized by the Department of Tourism, Archaeology and Culture Government of AJK with the purpose to research and expose the concealed beauty of AJK. Department of Tourism, AJK has invited Pakistanis to portion their positions, thoughts and information in a 5-7 minute mini docudrama on the beautiful scenic sites of AJK. Documentaries can be in English or Urdu and the top 3 winning docudramas will have catch the attending of ive hard currency award of up to Rs.100, 000. The entries can be submitte d to Publicity wing of Department of Tourism, Archaeology and Culture Government of AJK, Block 06 New Secretariat, Muzaffarabad by Oct. 20, 2010. Harmonizing to the presentment issued by the touristry secretariat of AJK, the offer was valid for all 42 remainder houses under the administrative control of the touristry section. The offer is valid for a reserve non transcending two darks at any peculiar remainder house ; nevertheless, after two darks at one peculiar topographic point, the visitants could travel in front to any other country and bask the same installation at that place. Balochistan Times 23 May, 2009. MIRPUR AJK AJK Azad Jammu and Kashmir AJK Azerbaijan Journalists Confederation .. Click the nexus for more information.Renowned man of affairs and member executive commission of AJK Chamber of Commerce and Industry Khalid Sharif Saturday has welcomed the steps being initiated by the authoritiess of Pakistan and AJK for the publicity and upheaval of the industrial and touristry sectors in Azad Jammu and KashmirJammu and Kashmir: A see Kashmir. Jammu and Kashmir State ( pop. , 2001: 10,143,700 ) , northern India. With an country of 39,146 sq myocardial infarction ( 101,387 sq kilometer ) , it occupies the southern part of the Kashmir part of the northwesterly Indian subcontinent and is .. Click the nexus for more information.. He expressed the hope that the gimmick the attending of ive bundle of inducements for the intending enterprisers for investing in the trade and industrial sector in Azad Jammu Kashmir will assist promote local and foreign investings in these sectors. He said that the Britain-based Pakistani expatriates in general and those acclaiming from Azad Jammu Kashmir in peculiar will be persuaded to travel for investings in the industrial and touristry sector in Azad Jammu Kashmir. He applauded sincere effectual stairss being taken by Pakistan and AJK authoritiess to promote and hike the industrialisation industrialisation Procedure of change overing to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant. The alterations that took topographic point in Britain during the Industrial Revolution of the late 18th and nineteenth century led the manner for the early industrializing states of western Europe and A advancement and to advance the touristry industry in the liberated country. He opined latest engineerings should be brought and introduced for publicity of these sectors as per lines of India, China, Latin American states. List of American states States: A Antigua and Barbuda A Bahamas .. Click the nexus for more information.Khalid Sharif said that foreign investing can flux into Pakistan including Azad Jammu Kashmir in copiousness if facilitated were ensured Tourism Neelum Valley, Approximately 200 kilometres long the picturesque Neelum Valley is situated to the North North East of Muzaffarabad. Runing parallel to the Kaghan Valley. It is separated from if merely snow-clad extremums, some over 4000 metres above sea degree. Excellent scenic beauty, birds-eye position, looming hills on both sides of the noisy Neelum river, exuberant green woods, enrapturing watercourses and catch the attending of ive milieus make the vale a dream semen true. The country is ideal for trekking. A just conditions route opens the vale to tourers upto Kel, 155 kilometres from Muzaffarabad, of which about 150 kilometres has been black topped while the staying part is being matalled. Buss ply daily on this mob and adjustment installations are besides available in the remainder houses of topographic points of tourer catch the attending of ion. Simple cookery installations are available but one has to do his ain agreements for particular dishes. Hindustan Times Jun 19, 2010. MIRPUR ( AJK ) , AJK authorities had inked an integrated phased program for heightening touristry in the State in coaction with the private sector, and for this intent, colossal financess were being allocated in the new financial twelvemonth 2010-11 one-year budget, official beginnings said. Since bright potency coupled with favorable ambiance is available for elating touristry industry in AJK . Ahmed Khawaja, June 12, 2009. Rawalakot is a metropolis in Azad Kashmir, and is the capital of Poonch District. It is in a saucer-shaped vale at lift 1615 meters ( 5300ft ) . It is 76 kilometers ( 47 stat mis ) from Kohala, and is besides linked with Rawalpindi and Islamabad via the neighbouring territories of Azad Pattan and Tain Dhalkot, and with Muzaffarabad via Kohala and Sudhangali by asphalt roads. The chief folk of Rawalakot are the Sudhan folk. Rawalakot is the territory central office and is situated in the bosom of territory Poonch. The height of this beautiful saucer-shaped vale is 1615m, and is situated 76 Km from Kohala. During summer, the topographic point becomes full of green grass and beautiful flowers including many assortments of roses. Located 12Km from Rawalakot is Paniolla full of unagitated and capturing features. About 20Km from Rawalakot and at 1981m above sea-level is Banjosa. A really catch the attending of ive site full of scenic beauty which besides houses a little lake with boating installations. Surrounding small towns include Topa Soon aka Soon Topa or merely Topa, Kaimon, Thithrot, Motialmara, Trar Dewan, Chare, Chuck, Tranni, Dahmni, Pothi Bala/Makwalan, Kharek, Dreak, Banjosa, Hussainkot, Hurnamaira, Thorar, Rehara, Tain, and Pachiot. Bagh District lies to the North and Sudhnuti District lies to the South of Rawalakot. The route passing through ( Jalooth ) Paniola connects Rawalakot to Bagh And Mu zaffarabad. While towards the West are Murree, Islamabad and Rawalpindi parts of Pakistan. Rawalakot is one of the most beautiful vallies of KASHMIR located 80 kilometres off from Rawalpindi Islamabad. It is a three and a half hr thrust from Islamabad to Rawalakot. Rawlakot is besides celebrated by the name of the PEARL VALLEY . Syed Khalid Saeed Bukhari 04 September 2009. Neelum is a beautiful vale incorporating about 370 little and big small towns and near approximately two hundred thousand population. It starts from Chelhana and goes till Taobut 250 kilometer long. It is named Neelum due to its river, swerving like the serpent with crystalline sky colored H2O. Like any other population of the subcontinent it has the most heterogenous population with assortment of rites, imposts and traditions. The whole vale is full of beautiful and absorbing sceneries. Neelum Valley is dipped in beauty Neelum vale about 252 kilometers long and 3620 sq kilometer curvature shaped with olympian pine, fir and Himalayan cedar trees, lies north-south of Muzaffarabad. This ninety-mile long land of flora is ripped apart by the anil blue Neelum river which flows serpentinely down hills to unify itself into the river Jhelum at Domail. Domail, the meeting of two mighty rivers, nowadayss extremely intriguing scene of vernal embracing. This heart-warning spectacle is most soothing to the oculus. Neelum Valley is situated to the North North East of Muzaffarabad and running parallel to the Kaghan Valley. It is separated from it by snow covered extremums, some over 4000 metres above sea degree. Excellent scenic beauty, birds-eye position, looming hills on both sides of the noisy Neelum river, exuberant green woods, enrapturing watercourses, high height lakes and catch the attending of ive milieus make the vale a dream semen true. The rocking alcoholic green woods, snow capped mountains, watercourses singing vocals of joy, and fast fluxing river Neelum, all go together to do it naturalist s wonderland. The country is besides ideal for mountain touristry. A portion of Nanga Parbat mammoth falls in this country which is dominated by Sarwaali Peak ( 6326 metres ) the highest mountain in Azad Kashmir. Furthermore like Kaghan Valley it is celebrated for fishing and angling activities in Neelum river and Jagran Nullah which are stocked with trout fish. Its exclusive tourer catch the attending of ion is a 17 ( 17 ) century garrison built by the town s laminitis, a head of the Chak folk name d Muzaffar Khan, to guard off the Mughal ground forcess of Emperor Akbar. Neelum vale is an gimmick the attending of ive topographic point for tourers due to its celebrated exuberant verdure, springs, watercourses, lakes and hilly and sloppy mountain Karrar Haidri, Sep 24, 2007, In conformity with the Calendar of Activities for Visit Pakistan Year 2007 issued by Ministry of Tourism, Government of Pakistan, Alpine Club of Pakistan organized the first of all time National Mountain Marathon jointly with Tourism Department, Government of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The aim of the Mountain Marathon were to raise consciousness about Mountain Tourism in Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( AJK ) , create linkages in Mountain Tourism between Kaghan vale and Neelum Valley, raise consciousness about temblor affected countries of AJK and NWFP and promote and engender involvement towards the healthy mountain adventure athleticss activities amongst the young person of Pakistan, in general, and AJK in peculiar. The Marathon started at Kawai, Kaghan Valley, NWFP on 10th September. 150 young persons including 95 young persons from Azad Kashmir had applied to take part in the Marathon, nevertheless out of these 83 reported for engagement at Kawai. Earlier all t he participants were lodged at Muzaffarabad on 9th September from where they were taken to Kawai by particular coachs. 1. www.allvoices.com/ /7812129-plan-for-tourism-promotion-in-ajkfp-report 2. pakistannewsblog.com/ /16-projects-initiated-to-promote-tourism-in-ajk 3. ezinemark.com/a/azad-kashmir-tourism/ United States 4. www.thefreelibrary.com/AJK+Chamber+welcome+measures+in+industrial, + tourism+sectors.-a0200530037 Cached 5. www.ajkcouncil.com/TourismNeelumValley.asp 6. hypertext transfer protocol: //news.reportlinker.com www.ilmkidunya.com/student_articles/neelum-valley.aspx Pakistan Cached behzadahmed.blogspot.com/2009/06/rawalakot.html Cached Ejaz Ur-Rehman 2007An overview of the Forest Habitat s state of affairs in Village Barali Kass Kotli Azad Kashmir Pakistan revealed that the country confronting great forest home ground hazard. Habitat loss, debasement and atomization are an issue of primary concern in the country of Village Barali Kass. The intent of this survey was to look at the causes which exploit these meagre and delicate forest resources in the country and what are the steps to invalidate this state of affairs. Ejaz Ur-Rehman An Overview of Forest Habitat s Situation in Village Barali Kass, Kotli Azad Kashmir Pakistan, Ethnobotanical Leaflets 11: 266-279. 2007.

Infectious diseases among inmate populations Essay

Infectious diseases among inmate populations - Essay Example As this problem escalates, the monetary costs to society continues to rise and are much greater than if the diseases were discovered and treated at an earlier time, in the prison system prior to release. Prisons are in a unique position to treat inmates while the infectious condition is still in its earliest stages thus ultimately less costly to taxpayers. Though considerable economic, logistical and political barriers must be overcome to genuinely improve health care in the prison system, there are methods by which to begin solving this worsening health crisis in the prisons and wider community. The U.S. prison system has undergone a transformation over the past quarter century as a result of and a response to extensive studies that have been conducted to determine the consequences of the rising inmate population. In just 20 years, the number of persons held in U.S. prisons jumped substantially. The nation’s ‘war on drugs’ included mandatory sentencing guidelines which were principally responsible for the increase of 216,000 total prisoners in 1974 to 2004’s figure of 1.4 million. During this period, in just a 10-year span, the percentage of prisoners convicted of drug offenses nearly tripled. â€Å"In 1985, only 38,900, 8.6 percent, of State prison inmates were serving time for drug offenses as their most serious crime committed. By 1995, that number had increased almost six-fold to 224,900, 22.7 percent of all inmates† (Skolnik, 1994). Today, the U.S. houses nearly two million inmates. In 1978, the number of persons in the entire penal sy stem, those in prisons, jails and on probation or parole totaled 1.5 million. In 2004 this number stood at almost seven million. The overall correctional population, including persons in prison, jail, and on parole and probation, has jumped from 1.5 million in 1978 to nearly 7 million in 2004 (â€Å"Ethical†, 2006). Approximately

Developing Professional Practice for a Student Essay

Developing Professional Practice for a Student - Essay Example Effective professional practice makes the difference between competency and incompetency. Throughout the unit, I have leaned the effect of acquiring best practice since during internships I would find communication and interaction with fellow staffs easy and cordial. This would not have been so if I had not gone through the unit. Effective professional practice is intense to permit students and others to develop new skills and knowledge essential in their professional practice. Professional skills The unit has equipped me with numerous skills regarding professionalism. Time management is one of the skills learned; time is an essential part of individual and its management practice distinguishes the rich and poor. I need to be wealthy in knowledge and material thus time management is an essential skill that the unit has endowed. Currently and in future time management help and will help me deliver my duties promptly and become a role model to others. Communication and interpersonal sk ills are professional knowledge and skills acquired. Communication is essential and it gives a significant impact if done professionally (Morrison, 1993). The communication skills vary from the body language, intonation and words used. The best mode of communication attraction is the first impression; within seconds of interaction people form their opinion and if my dressing is not presentable my wording and intonation would not impress them. The formal and informal communication category assists in interaction with other people such as fellow staffs, patients or clients, and management. This skill that assists me to treat people as individuals thus ensuring interpersonal rapport is maintained. The skills can assist me in the future to attract and retain clients when I start my own business and also interact with employees professionally. Further training and practice of the skills can assist to add more value to what I have learned. Teamwork is another professional skill learned. A ny profession requires teamwork spirit to make work easy and also to encourage different experts to pull together in achieving organizational objectives. These skills help me appreciate individuals with their capacity and contribution. The future is brighter with this kind of skills put into practice I can manage bigger human resource capacity. It is essential to be a team player to make effective manager or a leader in an organization. With practice and involving my role models, I can add value to skills acquired and be better. Behavioral characteristics of the successful professional skills and presentation skills are additional professional knowledge acquired in this unit. Professional skills are pillars of my professional growth and development (Karten, 2010). Practice and training are additional activities to assist in perfecting the skills acquired and remain relevant. Knowledge development Knowledge gathered from this unit is that attitude, hard work, good communication, pres entation, dedication, and devotion are professionalism values that I have to keep throughout my career development. Maintaining ethics is an essential matter in professional development since it builds a reputation and assists one earns the trust of others (Eraut, 2003). I have learned trust is essential in financial matters and going through the unit this cannot be over-emphasized.  

The Purposes of Budgeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Purposes of Budgeting - Essay Example Resources are scarce and the budgeting is used as a tool to deploy available resources judiciously for improving the organisational performance. The Purposes of Budgeting Budgeting helps in several ways: it helps control expenses and works as a tool to monitor planning processes; it also helps forecast future revenues for businesses; it documents and serves the purpose of a guide giving future directions to the businesses. With the help of budget, the management conveys its aspirations across different divisions of the organisation and it also serves as a vehicle to resolve conflicts between the groups within the organization. Thus, budgeting is helpful to the organisation in myriads of ways. Conventional Budgeting Process in the Global Context Conventional budgeting process employs the incremental approach. The incremental approach, while preparing this year’s budget, essentially takes into account last year’s budgetary numbers and depending upon the aspirations of the management, all numbers on different heads such as revenue, labour charges, utility expenses, overheads are revised suitably. For example, twenty percent increase in revenue generation will provide corresponding rise in raw material consumption, utilities and other necessary charges. If the increase in revenue does not warrant any increase in manpower then there would be no increase in the manpower expense except the salary revision granted to the existing staff. It would be worthwhile to elaborate some of the drawbacks with traditional budgeting in the larger context. The incremental approach in the traditional budgeting process misses out several things that include careful evaluation and audit of the several wasteful processes that warrant improvement in order to increase efficiency in the business. For example, it fails to encourage a scrutiny on improving productivity levels through changed processes or employing means that lead to reducing wastages in the production processes . The production department is considered a cost center in the organization. In the traditional budget approach, the management straight away grants funds for all necessary expenses based on last year's budget and production department continues to follow the same old routine; however, in this process, innovative ideas do not get enough support and motivation that is highly required for an organization operating globally for satisfying changing needs of the customers. The same is equally applicable to other departments of the organisation. The traditional budgeting approach was fine during pre-marketing era when competition was not intense and consumers were not demanding (Better Budgeting (2004). Zero-based Budgeting Zero-based budgeting is a step forward refining conventional budgeting process where things do not start from the previous year's budgeting level. In fact, it all starts afresh and the managers need to justify every single activity to run their departments. The manager carefully studies departmental activities and breaks them into several decision packages. Each decision package is then studied intensely to arrive at its budgetary needs systematically. Each decision package is described with details and its related costs. Carefully choosing each package with its likely impact on the objectives to be achieved automatically justifies whether expense is necessary on the chosen activity or not. Accordingly, some activities are chosen and some are discarded. The budgetary allocations on chosen activities help make a realistic budget for a given department and thus, for entire organization. This is certainly a better approach from the traditional b

History and Hypothesis of Stonehenge and Easter Island

History and Hypothesis of Stonehenge and Easter Island Stonehenge is a set of earthworks and an ancient monument located in Wiltshire, England. It is considered the most famous and visited site in the world and is one of the mysteries in the world which has never been revealed. However, many people have created numerous myths and fables to explain mysteries behind it. Despite the numerous myths and fables, there has been limited information regarding Stonehenges creation/development. Most researchers and theorists refer to it as a stone monument, a giant or ancient megalith. Archeologist Mike Parker Pearson has proposed a number of hypothesis regarding Stonehenge and its surrounding. He indicated that Stonehenge was used as a burial ground from historical beginnings. In other words, Stonehenge represented a place of the dead. The cremated remains found at the site acted as evidence and they indicated that burials took place at the site as early as 3000 BC (Gargen 112). Mike Pearson further indicated that the placement of artifacts and graves around Stonehenge provided good evidence that the site was reserved as a domain of the dead. New radiocarbon dates of human remains dug from the ancient Stonehenge in Southwest England indicate that the monument was used as a cemetery. Initially, archeologists had believed that Stonehenge had acted as burial grounds as early as 2700 and 2600 BC (Gargen 114). People buried at Stonehenge were believed to have been the elite of the surrounding society; an early royal British dynasty. This hypothesis appears to be scientific due to the evidence provided by new radio carbon dates of human remains found in the monument. Parker Pearson also held the hypotheses that Stonehenge was a centre for ancestor worship that was connected by River Avon and two other ceremonial avenues to a matching wooden circle near Durrington Walls. The reason as to why he held the hypotheses is due to the large settlements of houses found nearby Stonehenge. This reinforced his belief that both the settlement and Stonehenge created a part of a large ancient ceremonial complex. He went ahead and indicated that the two circles with permanent and temporary structures made a clear representation of the living and the dead domains respectively. He also pointed out that the orientation of the stone circle pointed to sunrise and sunset on key seasonal dates which clearly indicated it was a place of ceremony. On his hypotheses, Mike Pearson stated that Stonehenge was not a monument in isolation; rather it was actually one of a pair implying that it was made of both stone and timber. The theory behind this is that Stonehenge is a type of spirit home to the ancestors. This hypothesis appears to be pseudo-scientific since there is no scientific evidence behind it. Reference Gargen, Josphath. Theories behind Stonehenge. 2nd ed. New York: New York Press, 2003. 2 B) Describe the basic cultural features and evolution of the Mound building Cultures of Eastern North America (and especially distinguishing between the Woodland and Mississippian Cultures), and explain why they were attributed to a lost race by nineteenth century scholars. It is believed that mould builders were greatly involved in building of earth works as well as mounds. The ceremonial and burial structures were characteristically flat topped pyramids or flat topped cones and at some times a variety of other forms. Some mounds took after unusual shapes such as the sketch of cosmologically significant animals and were branded effigy mounds name. Monks mound is one of the best known flat topped pyramidal earthen ware at Cahokia, while Serpent mound found in southern Ohio is 5 feet tall, 1330 feet long and 20 feet wide takes the shape of a serpent (Ian 86). The mound builders included numerous different tribal groups and chiefdoms that held unto a bewildering collection of beliefs and exclusive cultures which were united together by the shared architectural practice of mound construction. The initial mould building was an early marker of just beginning political and social complexity among the cultures in the Eastern United States. Woodlands culture: a prehistoric culture of eastern North America dates back in the 1st century. It is used to refer to Native American societies staying in eastern United States. Adena and Hopewell were the earliest woodland groups who inhabited Mississippi river valleys and Ohio between 800 BC and 800 AD. Adena and Hopewell are commonly known for their massive burial mounds, often modified with finely crafted grave items. Initially, Adena were hunters and gatherers while Hopewell lived in villages. The Mississippian culture was developed around 700 A.D. It was developed by a population of farmers who practiced agricultural farming and planted crops such as corns, beans and squash. They also engaged in a day to day hunting. Mississippian culture was initially a mound building Native American culture. However, from approximately 800 CE to 1500 CE, it greatly flourished in what is commonly known as Eastern, Midwestern and Southeastern United States (Ian 76). Mississippian culture is considered different from the woodland culture on the basis that the Mississippian mounds appear to be rectangular or square, large, flat topped, mesa like platforms on which temples or houses were built. On the other hand, the woodland mounds are conical, earthen structures covering burials in which marvelously carved stone pipes and mica cutouts that are found along with skeletal remains. In addition, burial mounds were dominant during the woodland period (100 B.C. to 400 A.D.), while temple mounds predominated during the Mississippian period (1000 AD). Both Mississippian and woodland cultures were attributed to as a lost race by the 19th century scholars due to the fact that the new euro-American settlers were not willing to accept the fact that the mounds had been built by the Native American People. They were therefore displacing and destroying most of the mounds so as to plow away evidence. Consequently, the cultures came along as a lost race in America. Reference Ian, Bridgeston. The Mould Building Cultures. California: Anvil Press, 2000. 3B) Describe the history of Easter Island as it has been reconstructed by archaeologists; is this history a useful metaphor for the Earth? Is it similar or different from what happened in to other civilizations, and what can be learned from studying it? Easter Island, also known as Rapa Nui is one of the worlds famous but least visited archeological sites located in the Pacific Ocean. The island is mostly famous due to its 887 existing monumental statues (moai) which were created by Rapanui people. It is a tiny, currently treeless, hilly Island of volcanic nature; rising over 10,00ft from the floor of Pacific Ocean. Peterson (23), states that Easter Island is among the youngest inhabited territories in the world, and a larger part of its history is that it was one of the most isolated inhabited territory. Easter Island was discovered three hundred years ago by European explorers amidst the large space in South Pacific Ocean. Dutch explorer, Jacob Roggeveen rediscovered it on Easter day in 1722, hence the acquisition of its name; Easter Island. During that time, the Island was inhabited by a populace of Polynesian origin who had arrived from Marquesas Islands many centuries earlier. This has been proven by the DNA extracts that were collected from the location. It is also believed that the inhabitants had come in with various plants, foods, tools and animals such as bananas, sweet potatoes, sugarcane, pigs, and chickens among others so as to start a new life. Archeologists hold that there were three cultures which lived on Easter Island around 400 AD. During this time, the island was inhabited by people who specialized in making small stone statues. After some time, another civilization broke down the statues and greatly used them to construct long temple platforms known as ahus. They also carved 600 plus enormous stone busts taking the form of human beings and placed them on the ahus. It is believed that approximately 15 statues are still held by some ahus. Archeological evidence indicates a fast destruction of the forests within a few centuries after the arrival of human beings. This played a major role in the reduction of forests and plantation in the island. The society played a role in the reduction of forests and plantations since they cleared land to plant grasses, cut down trees to construct canoes, they had also come in with rats which devoured the seeds. By the end of fifteenth century, the entire forest had disappeared, the fruits had died out and tree species were extinct. The extermination of the animals in the Island was as thorough as that of the forest. All species of native land birds became extinct and the shellfish were exploited. This led to the collapse of Easter Islands society. The history of Easter Island is a useful metaphor of the planet earth. The lesson obtained from Easter Island was that inequality and scarcity of crucial resources played a great role in occurrence of genocide. Consequently, a social collapse of the society living in the island took place. David (43), states that during the 7th century, around 50 people arrived on Easter Island and increased to more than 70,000 by 17th century. Reference David, Myer. The history of Easter Island. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge Press. 4) Stonehenge as an ancient centre of healing This appears to be an interesting topic since Stonehenge is commonly known as a burial site among the archeologists. However, Tim Darvil and Geoff Wainwright have come up with the evidence that the monument acted as a centre of healing. Margaret (57), states that massive numbers of Britons flocked at the sight with the aim of curing their diseases and healing present injuries. Many inhabitants believed that the stone found at the site had magical and healing qualities which greatly attracted numerous pilgrims to the site. A mans Remains at approximately five miles from Stonehenge were discovered by the two archeologists. The remains collected indicated that the man had a knee cap infection and a severe tooth eruption. This was therefore used as strong evidence by the two archeologists and they came up with the theory that the man may have died on his way to the healing grounds (Stonehenge). In addition, a skeleton analysis which was found three miles from the monument indicated that the man had travelled a long distance and was suffering from a potentially deadly dental disease. It was therefore concluded that he had travelled that long distance as a way of searching for the stones associated with the healing power. Most archeologists remain adamant that the site and the surrounding area were majorly used as a burial ground. To back their healing hypothesis, Darvill and Wainwright studied the blue stones found at the site and which were believed to have been there since 2400 BC and 2200 BC. Having studied 14 samples of organic material such as the bone in the trench and carbonized plant remains, they indicated that it was good evidence that the grounds provided excellent healing grounds to the community. The blue stone study undermines the main theory suggested by Mike Parker Pearson that the monument acted primarily as burial grounds and ancestral site where people held ceremonies and offered sacrifices to the ancestors. Other significant discoveries from the dig have been made at the monument.   A series of small stones broken down from the larger standing ones were discovered and the archeologists believed that the stones were used as lucky charms. This provided the evidence that the ancient people believed in the healing properties of the stones. The archeologists also believed that the blue stones had numerous healing properties since there were a number of sacred springs in Preseli which were considered to have health giving qualities. The two archeologists also quoted the 12th century Monk indicating that the stones were thought to have medicinal property. The evidence uncovered by their digs portrayed that people were chipping and moving off pieces of the bluestones through the roman era through the middle ages. In relation to the discoveries made concerning Stonehenge, it can be concluded that Stonehenge is a popular and powerful place of pilgrimage. However, there is no support that the monuments healing power really worked. Reference Margaret, Katherine. The mystery behind Stonehenge. Harvard: Harvard Press, 2002.

Unemployment :: Working Jobs Careers Labor Essays

Unemployment In compiling unemployment statistics for the United States and other developed countries an unemployed person is defined as anyone who is capable of working and is actively seeking work but is unable to find a job.1Before a person can be unemployed in this sense he must be an active member of the labor force in search of a job. Students and Homemakers perform work, but they are not considered employed unless they are paid; however, they are not considered unemployed unless they are actively seeking gainful jobs. In societies in which a majority of the citizens are able to earn a living by working for others, being unable to locate and obtain a job is a very serious problem. Unemployment is widely used as a measure of workers' welfare because of the human costs and feelings of rejection and personal failure. The proportion of workers unemployed also shows how well a nations human resources are used and serves as an index of economic activity. The civilian labor force comprises the total of all civilians classified as employed or unemployed. The total labor force also includes members of the Armed Forces stationed either in the US Or abroad. The unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force.2 Unemployment can be divided percent of the civilian labor into three types known as frictional, structural, and cyclical. The first form of unemployment is frictional unemployment. Frictional unemployment arises because workers seeking jobs do not find them immediately. While looking for work they are counted as unemployed.3 This could happen if suppose a person loses a job, perhaps because the work is finished. For example a construction craftsman when the job is finished; or it could happen to an actor or actress when the show closes. It will ordinarily take some time before that person finds another job. But while construction workers and entertainers can ordinarily expect to face this problem from time to time, it is something that can happen to anyone employed. People who are simply between jobs, in this sense, are said to be frictionally unemployed. The amount of frictional unemployment depends on the frequency with which workers change jobs and the time it takes to find new on es.4 This is a particularly important category, since this category of unemployment can never be eliminated or reduced to zero. Even in the best functioning market economy, there will be some people who are between jobs.

Madame Butterfly

Ali Appelbaum WGST 199-01 Professor Uman March 16, 2008 Society puts a strong focus on individuals who experience the act of cross-dressing to create an identity for themselves. The act of cross-dressing helps a person to feel comfortable with themselves because they are able to gain a sense of independence, confidence, and individuality. In the play M. Butterfly, by David Henry Hwang, constructing an identity is made through the character Song. By looking at Song’s appearance in M. Butterfly, we can see that clothing and disguise constructs an identity. The play, M. Butterfly uses the character Song to show the audience how cross-dressing is common, and can make one’s personality. Song cross-dresses from an Asian male, to an Asian female. Throughout the play Song plays the role of a female but expresses herself in a more confident, and independent way as an Asian female. This is because Song has had a gender cross to a women, she is able to demonstrate these qualities in her new identity she has formed. M. Butterfly is about a French diplomat, Gallimard and his love attraction for Song. Gallimard feels as though he’s never been in love, and has a hard time relating to women, until Song comes along. Song, playing the romantic role of Gallimard’s lover takes charge without Gallimard realizing a male was really wooing him the whole time. Song possesses traits of a female, which gives her confidence to pursue her relationship with Gallimard until he’s fallen in love. In the end, Song reveals herself for the man she is, but continues to act with more confidence and independence as a woman than as a man. In the play, you can see that disguise constructs an identity through the character Song. During a scene, Gallimard comments on Song’s feminine appearance and the other women he see’s in China. Song responds to Gallimard, â€Å"Please. Hard as I try to be modern, to speak like a man, to hold a Western woman’s strong face up to my own†¦ in the end, I fail. A small, frightened heart beats too quickly and gives me away. Monsieur Gallimard, I’m a Chinese girl. I’ve never†¦ never invited a man up to my flat before. The forwardness of my actions makes my skin burn† (1. 11 Hwang). This quotes shows that Song posses traits as a female and is proud. Although Song is a male, he has built himself a female identity from disguise. Confidence is expressed in Song’s remarks by telling in conversation how she believes she is more knowledgeable than Gallimard. Song also makes sure notice is taken of her delicate and pretty appearance. Song remarks back to Gallimard, â€Å"Your history serves you poorly, Monsieur Gallimard. True, there were signs reading â€Å"No dogs and Chinamen. But a woman, especially a delicate Oriental woman—we always go where we please. Could you imagine it otherwise? Clubs in China filled with pasty, big-thighed white women, while thousands of slender lotus blossoms wait just outside the door? The clubs would be empty. We have always held a certain fascination for you Caucasian men, have we not? (2. 4 Hwang). Song has shown to her audience that she has a strong confidence about the female body and face. She explains to Gallimard that her new identity, a delicate Oriental woman, is always welcomed in society. Song also feels a sense of power because although she is a man working for the Chinese government, she feels comfortable in her feminine identity. A conversation between Song and her advisor Comrade Chin demonstrates how Song has created has created an identity for herself in disguise. When Song is in quarters where she can act like man, she still acts in a feminine order, rather than a masculine tone. Chin asks Song, â€Å"†¦Is that home come you dress like that? † (2. 4 Hwang). Song responds by saying, â€Å"Like what, Miss Chin? † (2. Hwang). Chin remarks with what he believes is reality by saying, â€Å"Like that dress! You’re wearing a dress. And every time I come here, you’re wearing a dress. Is that because you’re an actor? Or what? † (2. 4 Hwang). Song reveals her identity by saying, â€Å"It’s a†¦ disguise, Miss Chin† (2. 4 Hwang). This conversation between Comrade Chin and Song shows the audience that Song is aware of the fact that she is a male, but possesses more of an interest in the feminine personality and ways of life because she is more confident.

Research Paper on Winston Churchill

Research Paper on Winston Churchill In order to examine the question you must first define greatness, it is described as a status brought upon yourself in which excellence is achieved in the face of adversity . Winston Churchill is an excellent example of greatness because in the face of adversity( the second World War ) he excelled and he persevered through his so called `wilderness years` and then excelled as Britain’s war time leader . Churchill’s dogged perseverance to express exactly what he thought was the best possible way forward for Britain meant that he was disliked by many in Parliament but also admired by many at the same time . Martin Gilbert recognised this situation saying some detested him , and others from his earliest years , saw him as a person of exceptional qualities , and as a future Prime Minister. Often great people are misunderstood because they can see the bigger , longer term picture and in order to become great they must persevere and speak their minds in order to convince the ir people , this is the case with Winston Churchill from his earliest years he has an uncanny understanding and vision of future unfolding events .Often people are great because they have the ability to make themselves understood by their people and they have the ability to communicate clearly with their people , Churchill had an ability to use his exceptional mastery of words , to convey detailed arguments and essential truths ; to inform , to convince and to inspire Martin Gilbert . There are two distinct periods in Churchill’s political life , his wilderness years when he was greatly misunderstood in his position as First Lord of the Navy in which he made a number of errors which in the long term helped him in the second period after 1940 when he became Prime Minister in a time in which he inspired the British people through clear communication in times of adversity . I will look at both of these periods in detail to conclude whether to be great is to be misunderstood . I would argue that in order to be great then you must make your self understood and persevere and not give up until you are understood Winston Churchill shows this quality through his misunderstood wilderness years into his triumphant leadership years. A low point of Winston Churchill’s admiralty reign came in the shape of the Dardanelles blunder as it has been described, it rocked the political life of Churchill . Churchill’s known zest for war got the better of him causing him to ignore the advice of Naval experts and to push through his own Napoleon inspired strategies that proved to be catastrophic . However even after the event whilst contemporaries where slating his part in the plan , Churchill never gave up trying to persuade the British public on his intentions , even in his resignation speech to the commons he clamed the Dardanelles was an legitimate gamble and phrase which was to haunt him for along time to come. During his time out of power Churchill with the aid of Lord Fisher desperately tried to explain there own side of Dardanelles , fighting for a commission to be set-up , an commission which wouldn’t completely clear Churchill’s name but would exonerate him from some of the blame . Later Historians shocked by the carnage on the Western front looked more favourably on Dardanelles having been impressed by Churchill’s apologia in The World Crisis .They claimed that Churchill had more military inspiration than all of the other Generals put together . Others such as Sir Basil Liddell Hart and Professor Arthur Marder endorsed Attles view that it was one strategic view of war which seems to exonerate Winston Churchill from much blame. However I would conclude that contemporaries got it just about right, Dardanelles was badly planned and executed and for this reason Churchill must take an adequate share of the responsibility . Victory was never as close as he promised and it was a mistake for him to divert such huge resources to an exposed subsidiary theatre of operations. I think that although Churchill never liked to admit that he was wrong after Dardanelles he was quoted as saying in war you don’t have to be nice, you just have to be right this quote sug gesting that Churchill recognises his failure regarding Dardanelles .I would also look admirably on his attempts to make people understand his policy , even through his wilderness years whilst out of parliament he continued to campaign for months in order for a commission to tell his side of the story , this determination to make people understand him is one of the main factors in which made Winston Churchill great in my opinion . This fits in with the theme of revealing in adversity because Churchill was out of office and disgraced in the views of many men he still campaigned in a dignified manor to make such men understand. An situation recognised by Austin Chamberlain Winston is never seen to such advantage as adversity . It will only be temporary , but he is showing great dignity and good temper , this quote seems to imply that Churchill revels in adversity and will use it to his advantage , this is contradicted by an quote from his wife Clemintine I never seen Winston so demo ralised however I would agree with Piers Brendon that Churchill in private he was demoralised however in public this seemed to spur him on an work even harder. In order to be great you must not give up and keep fighting for what you think is right although Winston Churchill may not have been right concerning the Dardanelles conflict he kept fighting to explain his action to the British public through the commission , this is one aspect of how Churchill became great his dedication to working/ fighting for what he believed was right until he is finally understood .At the time many contemporaries such as Sir Francis Hopwood said about Churchill that he is tiresome to deal with and I fear trouble in any position to which he may be called I wouldn’t agree with this statement because Churchill did have some successes amongst his blunders caused by youthful exuberance such as in his position of Minister of Munitions and his rise from young radical to First lord of the Admiralty I would agree more so with Edward Gray who commented he was a genius who’s faults would be forgotten in his achievements which was easy to say considering t he benefit of hindsight .At the time though there was great misunderstanding of Churchill which is highlighted by George Wyndham who said I would rather sweep the streets than be Winston Churchill . This makes Winston Churchill perseverance to fight for his views even more outstanding considering the hatred shown to him from leading Tories especially. During his second period as First Lord of the Navy , Winston Churchill was described by Andrew Roberts as making an number of blunders due to a number of personal flaws which at the time made Churchill an less than ideal leader of the greatest Navy on earth . For example Churchill showed less than admiral qualities whilst dealing with the Germany invasion of Norway some would argue that he was so indecisive that when British troops landed in Norway they had been separated from much of their equipment due to Churchill constantly changing his military strategy . Churchill was condemned by Andrew Roberts for his strategies regarding German U-boats . Churchill blatantly disregarded the advice of top Naval strategists and aimed to attack the Germans using packs of British ships to hunt down the U-boats whilst leaving merchant ships practically defenceless . This plan backfired on Churchill because the U-boats where so hard to hunt down in the open seas . Back at home Churchill tried to cover up his mistake claiming that half of the 57 U-boats Germany had started the war with had been destroyed , this was contradicted by Captain Arthur Talbot who claimed that only 9 of the 57 U boats had been destroyed , Churchill showed a ruthless streak by personally making sure that Captain Talbot was sent to sea. George Steven’s recognises Churchill’s manipulation of facts by claiming that he adapted his facts to his phrases and Piers Brendon recognises this commenting on Churchill he quickly discovered that facts deprived for their significance on interpretation and that by skilful argument he could arrange them into any pattern that he choose. This is an important skill for being the leader of a country at war , it is vital to boost the morale of your people to maintain the war effort , I would argue that Churchill was polishing his skills for an more important use. During his rein as First Lord of the Navy he constantly interfered with issues out side of his control for example his up most fish request calling for an increase in fish production a matter that he had no control over at all .Piers Brendon recognises this saying Churchill unlike his predecessors took every aspect of the Navy under his province men , ships , ordnance and administration to the extent that he almost caused the resignation of the entire Admiralty board and the Commander in Chief of the Nore Fleet. I would argue that although this is not the best personal attributes of an First Lord ,as an War time Prime Minister it is important for them to direct the whole effort , something that Churchill seemed already perfect to do, I would also argue from this source you can already see the structure of an great man because he is being misunderstood in terms of his role , he has the vision and the presence to command a wide range of resources instead of just a narrow one as is the Admiralty would be better of in an higher position such as Prime Minister . A.G Gardiener ag rees on the war in Churchill’s blood by commenting the whole spirit of Churchill’s politics was military: the smell of powder is about his path , and where ever he appears one seems to hear the crash of musketry and so feel the breath of battle. From as early as the early 1930`s Winston Churchill warned of the threat of the intensifying Nazis machine and called for rearmament , for martial virtue, for the revival of the British race . This statement was condemned by Niclson for sounding cracked and tinny as though played through an Edwardian phonograph I can infer from this , may be because during the 1920`s Churchill had campaigned for the need of Military economics , many politicians assumed that he was just trying to get back at the government . He was described at the time as being an dangerous relief the past a dangerous has been Christopher Sykes . Still Churchill campaigned , warned and informed of the threat of the Nazis , although Piers Brendon comments that Churchill wasn’t as consistent about the immanence of war , about the necessity of rearmament , even the wickedness of Hitler as he later claimed .I don’t agree with this source because in the context of other people supporting his view where few and far between which makes Winston Churchill’s stand seem massive , Churchill was a master in the art of arguing his point , in order to stand up in the commons and hear the shout of sit down Winston ever time he wanted to speak , this must have taken great courage and its not surprising that he couldn’t keep up his attempts to persuade parliament to the dangers of Hitler. Especially considering the Baldwin accusing him of alarmisim and exaggeration , the biggest surprise is the comment of the Prime Minister Lloyd George , someone who had an close relationship with Churchill in the past and had praised him saying he was an man of dazzling talents so when he asked Churchill to end his crusade and commented in private that Churchill was more trouble than he was worth this adds sustenance to the level of adversity that Winston Churchill faced. Further more Andrew Roberts says how Churchill’s views on Nazis Germany made him particularly unpopular this add s weight to my argument of how his perseverance makes him great . Martin Gilbert agrees with this view commenting that Churchill was an lonely voice in the wilderness during the 30`s and was an downtrodden muted voice of inspiration. During this period Winston Churchill was described as an warmonger by many of the opposition Tory back benchers , I would argue against this view because before Churchill’s warnings regarding the Nazis he and his wife Clemintine had travelled to the middle east in order to try and make peace between the Arabs and the Jews this proves that Churchill wasn’t always an warmonger as he had been accused of by some opposition. This adds sustenance to the argument that through what ever adversity or abuse was thrown at Churchill he never gave up trying to persuade Parliament of the threat of the Nazis regime . At the time Churchill was campaigning on the future of India saying that it was self mutilation to lose such a jewel in the kings crown his campaigning caused a stir and Churchill campaigned from 31 up until 35 when the India act had been passed , this also made him unpopular thin the house of commons and increased the amount of adversity that he was facing to warn Brit ain about the Nazis . Even after the threat of the Nazis had been acknowledged and Prime Minister Chamberlain had travelled to Munich to agree peace with Hitler whilst giving away the majority of Chezchslovakia in the processes and returned home an hero , Churchill still defiant against the euphoric elation of the British people called for rearmament , at this time his message was even more unpopular within the country and even his own constituency organisation tried to repudiate him. It must have taken great courage for Churchill to carry on campaigning even though he was soon to be proved right when on the 3rd of September 1939 Britain declared war on Germany. Churchill’s triumph was vindicated when he was made first Lord of the Admiralty again and subsequently Prime Minister a role in which he feels that he had been destined for I felt as though I was walking with destiny PM Churchill on appointment by the King. I would now ague that to just make your self understood wasn’t enough to make yourself classed as great , this is however Winston Churchill’s greatness is vindicated in my opinion. During his time of greatest adversity and threat to Britain from the Nazis he inspired , informed and motivated Britain almost on his own through his most important attribute in his arsenal as Atlee described it his tongue . President Kennedy added at the time Churchill used all of the resources of the English language , proving that the word was mightier than the sword. Winston Churchill didn’t only inspire the masses of the British population through breath taking speeches as described by Piers Brendon he dramatised the lives of its citizens , he made them seem to themselves and each other clad in the fabulous garments appropriate to this great historical moment .He also inspired the people in high places as he described them by calling for them to set an example of steadiness . I would argue going back to the question that had he not made himself understood through adversity then he wouldn’t have been in this position in order to lead Britain in a job he thought he was destined for. The magnitude of Winston Churchill’s control through speech over the British public draw conclusions to the enemies leader Hitler. I would sight an comparison through their use of speech however Churchill was a vision of greatness , his attraction achieved through the respect of his people , triggered by a triumph through adversity and not an barrage of propaganda. Piers Brendon describes this comparison as Churchill being neither mad nor bad. The extent to which Churchill’s greatness has risen him is perfectly summed up by the fact that in 1933 he was being blasted in Parliament as an warmonger and then nine years later he met an Scientist R.V Jones who commented after meeting Churchill I had the feeling of being re- charged by a source of living power . This shows the magnitude of Churchill’s rise to greatness. In conclusion I would argue that Winston Churchill was great because of two factors his determination to make people understand his ability to foresee what was best for his country and his ability to use an mastery of words to convey and inspire people, rich and poor , male and female . His failures as the First Lord Of the Navy where due to his ruthless streak , his willing to manipulate the facts for his own means and his interference with matters out side of his control. However these are the exact same qualities that made him an model war time leader . He had an ability to make the right decision quickly , fore see future events unfold and wasn’t afraid to be ruthless if it was in the best interests of Britain. I believe that Winston Churchill has proved himself to be great in one aspect because through his early years he has shown the admiral quality of making himself understood , although he may not of been right every time he always campaigned for what he believed in and never shied away from telling his side of the story through skilful use of dialogue, this is something that would stand him in good steed for what was to come. In terms of a hypotheses I have come to the conclusion that in order to be classed as great , its not to be great is to be misunderstood or to simply see the longer term picture it is in fact to make yourself understood through times of adversity and show people the bigger longer term picture and explain it until they understand it through your own skill or through events.

Free Essays on Mice And Men

English coursework: who is the loneliest character in of mice and men? The novel ‘Of Mice and Men’ is basically about two characters that travel together, Lennie and George. They settle down at a ranch for work. Together they hope to pursue their American dream. It follows up on various other men at the ranch, and issues faced during the time of the American depression. ‘Of Mice and Men’ is set in the fictional town of Soledad, in southern California, situated on the Salinas River. Steinbeck set the different scenes from his own knowledge as he worked at a ranch himself. The first chapter is set beside the river with Lennie and George hiding from some people, while the main part of the novel is focused at the ranch. The final scene takes place were the journey started. The novel is mainly evolves around the misfit characters but also involving others who make the story more realistic. Men during the American depression laboured at ranches having no family or no relationship with woman. The only place they had a physical relationship was at a brothel. Throughout the novel the men threat the only woman at the ranch as if she is alien to them. Perhaps because of curlys wife’s seductive attitude. Steinbeck shows that most of the characters are uneducated by the using colloquial language, for example ‘they come, an’ they quit an’ go on; an’ every damn one of ‘em’s got a little piece of land in his head’. Steinbeck also makes use of colours and sounds to describe his characters, such as the Curly’s wife who is linked with the colour red ‘her fingernails were red; she wore a cotton house dress and red mules’. Steinbeck also based his novel in Soledad meaning loneliness in Spanish, a key theme in the novel. Steinbeck also refers to Lennie as an animal, ‘dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws’, because his muscular body and animal like behaviour. Lennie and George’s relations... Free Essays on Mice And Men Free Essays on Mice And Men English coursework: who is the loneliest character in of mice and men? The novel ‘Of Mice and Men’ is basically about two characters that travel together, Lennie and George. They settle down at a ranch for work. Together they hope to pursue their American dream. It follows up on various other men at the ranch, and issues faced during the time of the American depression. ‘Of Mice and Men’ is set in the fictional town of Soledad, in southern California, situated on the Salinas River. Steinbeck set the different scenes from his own knowledge as he worked at a ranch himself. The first chapter is set beside the river with Lennie and George hiding from some people, while the main part of the novel is focused at the ranch. The final scene takes place were the journey started. The novel is mainly evolves around the misfit characters but also involving others who make the story more realistic. Men during the American depression laboured at ranches having no family or no relationship with woman. The only place they had a physical relationship was at a brothel. Throughout the novel the men threat the only woman at the ranch as if she is alien to them. Perhaps because of curlys wife’s seductive attitude. Steinbeck shows that most of the characters are uneducated by the using colloquial language, for example ‘they come, an’ they quit an’ go on; an’ every damn one of ‘em’s got a little piece of land in his head’. Steinbeck also makes use of colours and sounds to describe his characters, such as the Curly’s wife who is linked with the colour red ‘her fingernails were red; she wore a cotton house dress and red mules’. Steinbeck also based his novel in Soledad meaning loneliness in Spanish, a key theme in the novel. Steinbeck also refers to Lennie as an animal, ‘dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws’, because his muscular body and animal like behaviour. Lennie and George’s relations... Free Essays on Mice And Men The theme of loneliness in ‘Of mice and men’ The novel of 'Mice and men’ by John Steinbeck is set in the 1930s. This was a time of economic depression in the United States. Depression was a time where there was not a lot of money around so people had to move around to find jobs. His inspiration came from his own life experiences. The book is manly about George and Lennie they are two farm workers travelling through California during the depression. Their dream is to save enough money to buy their own farm with lots of animals and rabbits because Lennie likes rabbits very much. George is bright and knows the way of the world and has always looked after Lennie, who is big and strong, but "isn’t too bright". Lennie often gets into trouble because he doesn't know his own strength, he also gets frightened when things go wrong. The story tells us how strong lennie is when he finds a mouse he starts to stroke it but since he does not know his own strength the mouse was killed. Candy is the old ‘swamper’ who cleans out the bunkhouse. He is a ‘tall stoop-shouldered old man’. He is cripple and only has one hand. He knows lots of gossip and tells George and Lennie about how the boss victimizes Crooks. Candy is lonely his only friend is his dog. He has had it since it was a puppy but everybody else in the ranch is threatening to kill it because it is useless. This is exactly how Candy feels that they will ‘can’ him soon as he is old. Crooks is the only black man on the ranch; he lives alone in a dark and gloomy room all by himself. Everybody stays away from him because of his colour. Once in the story Lennie came into Crooks’s room and they started talking because they were both lonely and they started to become friends. Crooks shares the same dream as George and Lennie which is they will live ‘off the fat of a land’ and have rabbits to tend and look after the acres they hope they will have. Curley’s...

Critical Appraisal of Compassion in Care by Van der Cingel Research Paper

Critical Appraisal of Compassion in Care by Van der Cingel - Research Paper Example The writer has employed a qualitative investigation of in detail interviews to achieve this knowledge. The investigation finds that sympathy has seven scopes- attentiveness, listening, tackling, participation, helping, charisma, and consideration. The investigation concludes that compassion is of worth to nurse and patient relationship as it inspires both in establishing an affiliation to realize the best result of care. Research Design Qualitative research is the apparent approach of collecting in-depth comprehension of emotions, opinion, and conduct. The writer further expounds that the employ of grounded hypothesis and in exacting the emergent fit method in other terms gathering hypothesis from statistics and then illustrating that theory. Stable comparative investigation, analytical initiation and oretical sensitivity are therefore employed in order to understand the empirical data. Nevertheless, there are risks in using the budding fit mode. Artinian and Giske (2009) depict that even though this technique allows the writer to build upon the exertion of preceding research, in the event that the research’s variables were found from the review of literature then they might be faulty. Recruitment Strategy The writer expounds the reasons why these meticulous individuals were selected for the investigation but does not show how. The research centres on older people residing with a chronic disease and therefore only above 65 years (with a continual illness) were selected. In some instances, nurses projected clients to the writer. Opinionative, this might leave the outcomes open to query, thus bias could inadvertently occur. Data Collection The data collection setting was threefold. To begin with, the centre for rehabilitation for chronic diseases followed by a home care administration and lastly an outpatient’s health centre. This is warranted by the author’s declaration that compassion is not universal in proficient settings. Nonetheless, th is is based on results available in print six years ago. Moreover, this information has been criticised because of van Heijst’s detest of rationalisation and nationalisation in care and wellbeing. It is made clear that data was composed in semi-structured interrogations carried out by the author, helped by students, and centred on a questionnaire that is included in the article. The interrogations were tape recorded and afterwards written out until data infiltration was attained. Nevertheless, there is no sign of the way these interviews were carried out. Data Analysis The writer does, however, gives an in-depth explanation of the procedure of data analysis. Data was put down and then investigated with Atlas-Ti that is a computer software programme. This software is employed broadly in qualitative investigations and data investigation. This aided the author to establish a list of perceptions general in compassion- attentiveness, listening, tackling, participation, helping, ch arisma, and consideration.

Employment relationship Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Employment relationship - Assignment Example Based on this research industrial relations are considered to be a multi-disciplinary field that studies the various facets of employment relationships. The predominance of non industrial employment relations has made the term employment relations more meaning and importance. The examination of various employment situations and conditions and also the ones which does not come with a unionized workforce is studied under the field of employment relations. The three main faces comprising employment relations are science building, ethics and problem solving. In the face science building, employment relations are considered to be social science which understands the various employment relationships and institutions through rigorous and high quality research. In the face of ethics, industrial relations are a reflection of very strong normative principles on employment relationships and workers. This is especially with regards to the treatment of workers as a mere commodity in favor of cons idering them as human beings having human rights in democratic communities. ‘Human relations’ is a term which refers to the entire field of relationships prevailing out of the collaboration between men and women in their recruitment process in the modern industry. It is considered to be that particular part of management which is directly related to the management of organizations and enterprises including skilled workmen, machine operators and managers. It not only deals with the relationship existing between employers and the state but also workers organizations and the relationships existing between occupational organizations. Most importantly, the problem solving aspect of industrial or employment relations seek to create and design such institutions and policies which help in better working of the employment relations. Scholars have brought forth various frameworks and theoretical perspectives as per their understanding and analysis of the workplace situations and relations. In this context mention must be made of the two main theoretical perspectives, namely, unitary and pluralist perspectives respectively. The above two approaches have their own perspectives and interpretation of workplace conflicts, job regulations, role of unions etc. The main purpose of the project is to explore the different perspectives and evaluate their presence in modern organizational settings. It tries to understand the ideologies that underpin the managerial perspectives and the way they reflect in organizational life. The extent to which each of the perspectives predominates over the other is explored in the project (Wilton, 2010, p.36). Unitary perspective One of the most competing approaches towards the study of employment relations is based on the conservative ideological position called ‘unitary’. The most distinguishing characteristic which differentiate the unitary ideological perspective is the assumption that every work organization is consi dered to be an integrated entity which has a shared goal and a common purpose. Employment relationship according to the unitary perspective is based on the mutual harmony and cooperation of interest between the organization and its employees (Bray, 2011, p.21). It does not consider the possibility of conflicts between capital owners and workers. They are all considered to be belonging to the same team and having the very same objective which rules out the possibility of conflicts. Wherever there is prevalence of an industrial conflict, it is either treated as a temporary phenomenon or the result of abnormal behavior (Green, 2011, p.245). This behavior is commonly considered to be raised by trouble makers, bad communication and poor management. Moreover, in such cases unions are considered to be always being in competition with the management in order to gain commitment and loyalty of the employees (Bray,